Two parts groups here: The axle + bearing + hubs AND the spring.
Going heavier duty (i.e. 5200 instead of 3500) gives you a more durable axle, bearings, bigger brakes, etc. But also costs you in weight and I see soooo many overbuilt trailers. Dragging extra weight around is less safe on the highway (harder to stop), harder to drag around on trails, harder to move by hand, puts more stress on your drivetrain, and so much more. I put a 6K axle under my last M101A1 but am using a 3500 on my new one.
The downside of a higher rated spring with a lighter load is your contents and all attachments will get banged around much more. Better to have a spring matched to your load to smooth out the ride.
You can pair a heavy duty axle with lighter weight springs to match your load. It's easy to do with the leaf spring axles, but probably harder with torsion setups.